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The word internet is used to describe a
network of networks which incorporate a very large and complicated
set of equipment.
Internet Services
The main services used on the internet
include:
- Web browsing - Supported by the HTTP
protocol, this functions allows users to view web pages using a
web browser like the internet explorer. Netscape Navigator or
Mozilla Firefox.
- E-mail - Allows people to send and receive
electronic messages.
Other lesser used services include telnet
(allows remote login to computers), FTP (Allows quick file
transmission to remote computers), and gopher (An early form of text
based form of reading internet documents which is rarely used
today).
Internet Functions
The internet provides for the following two
functions which support communications. Without the communications
support mentioned below, the internet could not function. These two
functions are provided by internet service providers listed below
under the "Internet Organizations" header.
- Physical lines that data is sent across.
- Routing of data - There are special
machines on the internet called routers, that determine where
data needs to go to get from the sender of the data to the
receiver of the data.
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Internet connection in the resource center is
done through a dial-up modem. Each work station has an internal
modem, however the Datec (Celeron computer) computer shares its
modem to the other three workstation since it is closer to the phone
line outlet from the wall.
To connect to the Internet:
- click start
- Connect to
- Datec(PNG) Ltd
Step 3 may vary slightly depending on which
workstation you are dialing from. It might say "Datec(PNG)
Ltd on Kristus_03". Kristus_03 is the name of the Celeron
computer.
Why Internet connection may fail
The following are possible reasons why
internet connections may fail.
- Disconnected due to ISP (Datec)
problem, either technical or non-payments of Internet account.
- Problems associated with Telekom lines.
- There may be a loose connection on the
telephone line on the wall or from the modem.
- There is a hardware problem most likely the
modem is malfunctioning.
- If you are connecting from a computer other
than the one that hosts the shared modem than there maybe a
network problem.
If there are any doubts, contact Thomas
Adiguma or Gabriel Otogoni.
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A web browser is a software
program used to access the World Wide Web.
A browser (also known as client software) retrieves data from
remote web servers and displays a web page.
The two most popular browsers come from Netscape and Microsoft
Browsers basically work the same
way. Once you know one, you can easily learn the other.
How the Web Works
- Web pages are stored on web
servers located around the globe.
- Entering the (Uniform Resource
Locator) URL of a web page in your web browser or
clicking a link sends a request to the server which hosts the
page.
- The server sends the web page to
your computer and your web browser displays it on your
screen.
Web Pages
- A web page is an electronic
document written in a language (HTML).
- Web pages can contain text,
graphics, video, animation, and sound, as well as interactive
features, such as data entry forms.
- Each page has a unique address
known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator), which
identifies its location on the server.
- Web pages usually contain hyperlinks
to other web pages. Hyperlinks are text and images that reference
the URLs of other web pages.
Web Sites
- A website is one or more
web pages that relate to a common theme, such as a person,
business, organization, or a subject, such as sports
- The first page is called the home
page, which acts like an index, indicating the content on
the site.
- From the home page, you can click
hyperlinks to access other web pages either with in the
website or to other web sites.
Navigating the Web
There are three main ways to move
between web pages or web sites
- Clicking a text hyperlink
- Clicking a hyper linked
graphic image, such as a button, photograph, or drawing.
- Typing the URL of a web page
in the location box (also known as the address field) of
your web browser and the pressing the Enter or Return
key.
Identifying a Hyper Link
- Text links are usually underlined
and in a different color from the rest of the text.
- To determine if a graphic is
hyper linked, move your cursor arrow over the image. You
know the item is hyper linked if:
- The arrow cursor turns into a
hand
- A URL appears in the status
bar at the lower left of your web browser
Using Web URL's
- A URL indicates where the
web page is stored on the Internet
- You need to type a URL exactly
for
your browser to locate the desired web page
- Although URLs may contain spaces
between characters, they usually do not
- Some large websites have multiple
URLs that access the same site.
- The location box or address
field on your browser indicates the URL of the page you
arrived at after clicking a link.
Internet Explorer Toolbar
Back -- Returns you to the
previous page
Forward -- Returns you to a page you have backed up from.
Home -- Takes you to a home page specified in the browser
preferences.
Reload or Refresh -- Downloads the web page from the
server again.
Stop -- Stops the browser from loading the current page.
Print -- Lets you make a hard copy of the current document or
frame loaded in your browser.
Saving a Web Page
- Select File from the Menu
- Save As
If you want to save a certain part of the page, then select that
part of the page and Save it.
Printing a Web Page
- Select File from the Menu
- Print
If you need to print a certain frame, then select it and under
the page range selection, select the Selection option.
Bookmarks (Favorites)
Bookmarks or favorites are web sites that you often visit and
want to store in our browser so that you don't have to type the
address again every time you want to visit that site.
To add a page to your list of favorite pages
- Go to the page that you want to add to your Favorites list.
- On the Favorites menu, click Add to Favorites.
- Type a new name for the page if you want to.
Notes
- To open one of your favorite pages, on the Favorites
menu, click the page you want to open.
- As your list of favorite pages grows, you can organize them by
moving them into subfolders
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In general terms a virus is a program that runs on a system
against the owner's or user's wishes and knowledge. Viruses have one
or more methods they use to spread. Most commonly they will attach a
file to an e-mail message and attempt to trick victims into running
the attachment
Virus Damage
In most cases, viruses can do any amount of damage the creator
intends them to do. They can send your data to a third party and
then delete your data from your computer. They can also ruin your
system and render it unusable without a re-installation of the
operating system. Most have not done this much damage in the past,
but could easily do this in the future. Usually the virus will
install files on your system then will change your system so the
virus is run every time you start your system. It will then attempt
to replicate itself by sending itself to other potential victims.
The normal effect a virus will have on your system is that over
time your system will run slower. Also when you are using the
internet your connection may seem to run slower. Eventually you may
have trouble running programs on your system, your system may
freeze, and in the worst case you may not be able to get it to boot
up when you turn your computer on.
How Viruses or Worms Spread
Most commonly viruses today use e-mail to spread however they
have used one or more of the following methods to spread in the
past.
- Some viruses will load themselves onto any part of a writable
removable drive as possible and spread from computer to computer
as people use the removable drive.
- A worm is a program similar to a virus that will exploit a
vulnerability in an operating system or application that a
computer user is running. The best defense against a worm is to
have either a personal firewall on your system or be behind a
corporate firewall. Another good defense is to update your
system regularly. All you need to do to get a worm is to connect
an un patched computer to the internet or infected network when
your computer does not have firewall protection.
- Most viruses will spread themselves using e-mail attachments.
They may tell the user that they need to open the attachment to
get the rest of the information that is being sent to them. Many
times the virus may claim it is an administrator and the user
needs to either read the data or install a program on their
system. Viruses have even claimed to be Microsoft sending a
system patch as an attachment to the e-mail. Microsoft would
never send a system patch through e-mail.
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Search engines are used to help
internet users find the information on the Web fast.
The user enters key words in the space allocated and sends the
request to the search engines site. The search engine then returns
the results in a results window. The user goes through the
results to pick the appropriate site for their request
This means the user has to use the right keywords if they want to
get the information they want.
There are many search engines, but we
will only look at the common one, Google.
Search filtering
Many users prefer not to have adult
sites included in search results (especially if their kids use the
same computer). Google's SafeSearch screens for sites that contain
explicit sexual content and deletes them from your search results.
No filter is 100% accurate, but SafeSearch should eliminate most
inappropriate material.
Language Options
The value of search is
universal, but when it comes to languages, universality means
getting specific. Our language search feature lets you search for
web pages in the language that you choose. Because these searches
only see part of the Web, we suggest using "Search Web pages
written in any language" as your default option. Specifying a
language can be useful, however, when you want to find content in a
particular tongue.
Number Of Results
Unless you change this
preference, you’ll see 10 search results per page. It was set it this
way because this produces the fastest response time. But if you want
to see more results per page, you can increase the number to 20, 30,
50 or 100.
New Results Window
Ordinarily, when you search with Google,
your search page is replaced by a search results page. If you’d
prefer to keep your main search page open, you can set this
preference option to open your search results in a new browser
window.
Basic Search
Doing a search on Google is
easy. Simply type one or more search terms (the words or phrase that
best describe the information you want to find) into the search box
and hit the 'Enter' key or click on the Google Search button.
In response, Google produces a results
page: a list of web pages related to your search terms, with the
most relevant page appearing first, then the next, and so on.
Choosing search Items
Choosing the right search terms is the
key to finding the information you need.
Start with the obvious – if you're
looking for general information on PNG, try PNG or Papua New
Guinea.
But it's often advisable to use multiple
search terms; if you're planning a PNG vacation, you'll do better
with vacation PNG than with either vacation
or PNG by themselves. And vacation PNG golf
may produce even better (or, depending on your perspective, worse)
results.
Capitalization
Google searches are NOT case
sensitive. All letters, regardless of how you type them, will be
understood as lower case. For example, searches for george
washington, George Washington, and gEoRgE
wAsHiNgToN will all return the same results.
Automatic
"and" queries
By default, Google only returns pages
that include all of your search terms. There is no need to include
"and" between terms. Keep in mind that the order in which
the terms are typed will affect the search results. To restrict a
search further, just include more terms. For example, to plan a
vacation to PNG, simply type vacation PNG.
Advance Search
Once you know the basics of Google
search, you might want to try Advanced Search, which offers numerous
options for making your searches more precise and getting more
useful results.
You can reach this page by clicking (no
surprise) the "Advanced Search" link on the Google home
page.
Here's what the Advanced Search page
looks like
You can do a lot more with Google search
than just typing in search terms. With Advanced Search, you can
search only for pages:
- that contain ALL the search terms you type in
- that contain the exact phrase you type in
- that contain at least one of the words you type
in
- that do NOT contain any of the words you type
in
- written in a certain language
- created in a certain file format
- that have been updated within a certain period
of time
- that contain numbers within a certain range
- within a certain domain, or website
- that don't contain "adult" material
Advance Search operators
You can also improve your searches by
adding "operators" to your search terms in the Google
search box, or selecting them from the Advance Search page
Advanced search operators include:
- Include Search
- Synonym Search
- OR Search
- Domain Search
- Numrange Search
- Other Advanced Search Features
"+" Search
Google ignores common words and
characters such as where, the, how, and other digits and
letters which slow down your search without improving the results.
We'll indicate if a word has been excluded by displaying details on
the results page below the search box.
If a common word is essential to getting
the results you want, you can include it by putting a "+"
sign in front of it. (Be sure to include a space before the
"+" sign.)
For example, here's how to ensure that
Google includes the "I" in a search for Star Wars,
Episode I:
Synonym Search
If you want to search not only for your
search term but also for its synonyms, place the tilde sign
("~") immediately in front of your search term.
For example, here's how to search for
food facts and nutrition and cooking information:
~food~facts
"OR" Search
To find pages that include either of two
search terms, add an uppercase OR between the terms.
For example, here's how to search for a vacation in either London or
Paris:
Vacation London OR Paris
Domain Search
You can use Google to search only within
one specific website by entering the search terms you're looking
for, followed by the word "site" and a colon followed by
the domain name.
For example, here's how you'd find
admission information on the Stanford University site:
admission site:www.stanford.edu
Search Results Page
Your search results page is packed with
information. Here's a quick guide to decoding it.
Each underlined item is a search result
that the Google search engine found for your search terms. The first
item (not counting News results) is the most relevant match we
found, the second is the next-most relevant, and so on down the
list.
Clicking on any underlined item will
take you to the associated web page. But first, here's a sample
search results page, along with brief explanations of the various
types of information about your search results that you can find
there.
A. Top links Click the link for
the Google service you want to use. You can search the web, look for
images, browse Google Groups (Usenet discussion archive), or use
Froogle to search for products.
B. Google search button Click on
this button to submit another search query. You can also submit your
query by hitting the 'Enter' key.
C. Advanced search This links to
a page on which you can do more precise searches. [ Learn more about
Advanced Search ]
D. Search field To do a
search on Google, just type in a few descriptive search terms, then
hit “Enter” or click on the “Google Search” button.
E. Preferences This links to a
page that lets you set your personal search preferences, including
your language, the number of results per page, and whether you want
your search results screened by our SafeSearch filter to avoid
seeing adult material.
F. Statistics bar This line
describes your search and indicates the total number of results, as
well as how long the search took to complete.
G. Tip Information that helps you
search more efficiently and effectively by pointing out Google
features and tools that might improve the query you just made.
H. One Box results Google's search
technology finds many sources of specialized information. Those that
are most relevant to your search are included at the top of your
search results. Typical one box results include news, stock quotes,
weather and local websites related to your search.
I. Page title The first line of
any search result item is the title of the web page we found. If you
see a URL instead of a title, then either the page has no title or
we haven't yet indexed that page's full content, but its place in
our index still tells us that it's a good match for your query.
J. Text below the title This is
an excerpt from the result page with your query terms are bolded. If
we expanded the range of your search using stemming technology, the
variations of your search terms that we searched for will also be
bolded.
K. URL of result This is the web
address of the returned result.
L. Size This number is the size
of the text portion of the web page, and gives you some idea of how
quickly it might display. You won't see a size figure for sites that
we haven't yet indexed.
M. Cached Clicking this link will
show you the contents of the web page when we last indexed it. If
for some reason the site link doesn't connect you to the current
page, you might still find the information you need on the cached
version.
N. Similar pages When you select
the Similar Pages link for a particular result, Google automatically
scouts the Web for pages that are related to this result.
O. Indented result When Google
finds multiple results from the same website, the most relevant
result is listed first, with other relevant pages from that site
indented below it.
P. More results If we find more
than two results from the same site, the remaining results can be
accessed by clicking on the "More results from..." link
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